Under penalties of perjury, I certify that:

1. The number shown on this form is my correct taxpayer identification number, and
2. I am not subject to backup withholding because: (a) I am exempt from backup withholding, or (b) I have not been notified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that I am subject to backup withholding as a result of a failure to report all interest or dividends, or (c) the IRS has notified me that I am no longer subject to backup withholding, and
3. I am a US citizen or other US person.

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined the information on this form and to the best of my knowledge and belief it is true, correct, and complete. I further certify under penalties of perjury that:

1. I am the individual that is the beneficial owner (or am authorized to sign for the individual that is the beneficial owner) of all the income to which this form relates or am using this form to document myself as an individual that is an owner or account holder of a foreign financial institution.
2. The person named on line 1 of this form is not a U.S. person.
3. The income to which this form relates is:
   1. not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States,
   2. effectively connected but is not subject to tax under an applicable income tax treaty, or
   3. the partner’s share of a partnership's effectively connected income.
4. The person named on line 1 of this form is a resident of the treaty country listed on line 9 of the form (if any) within the meaning of the income tax treaty between the United States and that country, and For broker transactions or barter exchanges, the beneficial owner is an exempt foreign person as defined in the instructions.
5. Furthermore, I authorize this form to be provided to any withholding agent that has control, receipt, or custody of the income of which I am the beneficial owner or any withholding agent that can disburse or make payments of the income of which I am the beneficial owner. I agree that I will submit a new form within 30 days if any certification made on this form becomes incorrect.